蒙特梭利 (Montessori ) 意大利著名幼儿教育学家说:
“幼儿通过感官活动,幼儿获得最佳的学习成果。”
= 教育理念 =
兒童之家的教育理念:
(一)兒童獨立性的尊重:只有獨立的人才能享有自由。兒童的好動性是他的特色,大人不要橫加干涉或禁止,師長千萬別「指揮」或「命令」孩子,要讓他自己指揮自己,自己聽從自己的命令。尊重兒童的獨立性,兒童就能自然的活動他的筋骨,健康的身體隨之而至。
(二)肅靜與活動:尊重兒童的獨立性,並非讓他為所欲為,且不可讓孩子以為安靜、順從、聽話、被動就是好事;而活動或工作就是壞事。蒙特梭利的教學法強調兒童主動探索,並著力於設計啟發性的教學情境和[教具],讓兒童藉由具體操作來學習,不只是聽講。
(三)精神勝於方法:蒙氏希望她的学生不要「主動」的想去「教」孩子,應該做個「旁觀者」來注視孩子的一切行為。唯一必須人為的就是設計或製作許多教具,甚至鼓勵孩子盡情的遊玩及操弄,就是對兒童最大的尊重。因為蒙特梭利方法的真正老師,就是兒童本身。
(四)個人自由先於社會紀律:自由第一,秩序只是其次。傳統教育強調「群性」,而蒙氏注重「個性」。蒙特梭利在[1932]年向[英國]的[蒙特梭利學會]發表的文章當中強烈痛責孩童受束於大人,比奴隸及工人都不如。蒙氏畢生心血強調:「解放兒童,是教育工作者的使命;因此,兒童個人自由,應列為優先考慮。」
(五)童年期的秩序感:蒙特梭利發現兒童的行為特徵之一,就是秩序感。一般人都認為孩子的房間或遊樂場一定亂七八糟,把玩具或紙屑丟的滿地都是,大人也因此相當頭疼,並認為這是孩子的嚴重教育問題,想辦法要及早培養孩子整齊清潔的習慣。然而蒙氏相信,小孩之所以無法將屋內安排得井然有序,始作俑者是大人。兒童本有順乎自然的秩序感,只是大人以「權力」予以弄壞而已。
The Montessori educational philosophy believes that the educational method, to be effective, must support and address the nature of the child. The nature of the child is not a theoretical construct, but based upon Montessori's detailed observation of the child.
Based upon her observations Montessori came to understand the inner nature of the child:
The child is a dynamic, curious person that has an inner need to know the the world. The Montessori classroom has a multitude of fascinating materials from which to select.
The child comes to know the world through the senses. Consequently, experiences that develop and refine the sense are fundamental to knowing the world. Further, because knowing the world comes through the sense activities must concrete and have "manipulatives" (i.e. toy or game-like). The curriculum area of sensorial in the Montessori classroom aids the child in the development and refinement of the senses and the many manipulative materials in the classroom allows the child to explore and learn.
The child auto-educated. Essentially, the child constructs knowledge through physically manipulating the environment. The physical manipulation, or handling of the environment, allows the child to construct mental images. Mental images lay the foundation for later abstractions. The Montessori teacher does not teach, but rather provides experiences for the child to construct mental images.
The child learns that which is of personal interest. It is important, therefore, for the child to have freedom to select activities that are highly interesting. The Montessori classroom contains hundreds of colorful, exciting materials that are of interest to children.
The child repeats activities until they are fully mastered. The Montessori class schedule has long, uninterrupted times in the morning and in the afternoon for the child to concentrate on activities.
The child is orderly and focused. The Montessori classroom is calm, respectful and peaceful. This atmosphere meets the child's inner need for an atmosphere that supports concentration. The Montessori classroom is orderly and encourages the child to maintain an orderly environment.
Based upon the inner nature of the child the role of the teacher is defined:
The teacher observes the child to determine what is of interest to the child.
The teacher prepares the environment to meet the observed needs of the child.
Based upon the nature of the child and the observed needs of the child the environment is prepared to serve the child.
關於台北蒙特梭利幼稚園
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